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[8.0] Vice President 2 (2023,2024)

v1.0.0 / chapter 8 of 10 / 01 mar 26 / greg goebel

* The second two years of Kamala's vice presidency broadly mirrored the first two, as she took on endless chores that once again took her all over the planet. However, 2024 was an election year; she was planning on sharing the ticket with Joe Biden again, but old age caught up with Joe, and she was abruptly thrown into the presidential race.

Kamala Harris


[8.1] MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE 2023 / AFRICA TOUR
[8.2] THE COCONUT TREE / GUN VIOLENCE PREVENTION / GAZA CRISIS
[8.3] AI REGULATION / COP28 CLIMATE CONFERENCE
[8.4] REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOMS CAMPAIGN / MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE 2024
[8.5] LUCERNE PEACE SUMMIT / JOE BIDEN DROPS OUT

[8.1] MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE 2023 / AFRICA TOUR

* Kamala went to the Munich Security Conference for a second time on 17 February, the meeting being dominated by the war in Ukraine. She talked with foreign leaders and delivered a speech on 18 February, accusing Russia of war crimes and reaffirming support for Kyiv:

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

As many of us remember, last year, on this stage, I warned of the imminent invasion of Ukraine by Russia. And let us all recall: Many at the time wondered how we would all respond. Many wondered: Could Russia be stopped? Would NATO come together? Would NATO break apart? And would Ukraine be prepared?

Colleagues, today, a year later, we know. Kyiv is still standing. Russia is weakened. The transatlantic Alliance is stronger than ever. And most importantly, the spirit of the Ukrainian people endures.

And under Joe Biden, President of the United States, our country has demonstrated decisive leadership. As President Biden often says: The United States will support Ukraine for as long as it takes. We will not waver.

And today ... I will describe what we all continue to have at stake: the moral interest, the strategic interest, and the reason Ukraine matters for the people of America, for the people of Europe, and for people around the world.

First, from the starting days of this unprovoked war, we have witnessed Russian forces engage in horrendous atrocities and war crimes. Their actions are an assault on our common values, an attack on our common humanity.

And let us be clear: Russian forces have pursued a widespread and systemic attack against a civilian population -- gruesome acts of murder, torture, rape, and deportation. Execution-style killings, beatings, and electrocution. Russian authorities have forcibly deported hundreds of thousands of people from Ukraine to Russia, including children. They have cruelly separated children from their families.

Think of the images of Bucha. Civilians shot in cold blood. Their bodies left in the street. The jarring photograph of the man who was riding his bike. Think of the four-year-old girl who the United Nations recently reported was sexually assaulted by a Russian soldier. A four-year-old child. Barbaric and inhumane.

The United States has formally determined that Russia has committed crimes against humanity. And I say to all those who have perpetrated these crimes and to their superiors who are complicit in these crimes: You will be held to account.

The fight in Ukraine has far-reaching global ramifications. No nation is safe in a world where one country can violate the sovereignty and territorial integrity of another; where crimes against humanity are committed with impunity; where a country with imperialist ambitions can go unchecked.

Again, the United States will continue to strongly support Ukraine. ... We also know Ukraine will continue to be supported by a united transatlantic community. Putin thought he could divide NATO ... he has failed. The NATO Alliance is stronger now than ever before, and the United States commitment to NATO and to its Article 5 is ironclad.

There will be more dark days in Ukraine. The daily agony of war will persist. The global ripple effects will continue to be felt by countries near and far -- from Africa, to Southeast Asia, to the Caribbean. But if Putin thinks he can wait us out, he is badly mistaken. Time is not on his side.

Colleagues, I do believe we all know when future generations look back at this moment, they will see that we understood the task before us and rose to the occasion. And so, to you I say: The United States of America is proud to be your partner in this noble pursuit.

END_QUOTE

In April, Kamala took a week-long trip to Africa, paying visits to Ghana, Tanzania, and Zambia, accompanied by Doug for part of the trip. There she discussed economic assistance, regional security, and democratic governance. The trip was intended in part to balance against Russian and particularly Chinese efforts to obtain influence in Africa -- but there was also a low-profile human-rights agenda in it as well.

Kamala & Doug in Ghana

All three of those African countries had anti-LGBTQ laws -- some inherited from the days of colonial rule, but also enhanced at the urging of American evangelical missionaries -- and at the time, Ghana's parliament was considering measures to make that country's laws even harsher. Kamala did discuss the issue with Ghanan President Nana Akufo-Addo, with Kamala publicly stating that the USA felt "very strongly about the importance of supporting the freedom and supporting and fighting for equality among all people."

Akufo-Addo said that country's attorney general had raised concerns about the constitutionality of the bill, and "substantial elements" had been modified as a result. In Tanzania, Kamala praised President Samia Suluhu Hassan for reversing some of the policies of her predecessor -- but the situation remained bleak, with the continent slow to accept LGBTQ rights.

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[8.2] THE COCONUT TREE / GUN VIOLENCE PREVENTION / GAZA CRISIS

* After returning to the USA, Kamala "went viral", the occasion being the formal establishment of the "President's Advisory Commission on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics" on 10 May. At the ceremony, she commented:

QUOTE:

Part of the extension of the work you will do is, yes, focused on our young leaders and our young people -- understanding we also then have to be clear about the needs of their parents and their grandparents and their teachers and their communities, because none of us just live in a silo. Everything is in context.

My mother ... would give us a hard time sometimes, and she would say to us, "I don't know what's wrong with you young people. You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?" Hahahahahaa ... You exist in the context of all in which you live and what came before you.

END_QUOTE

The phrase "you just fell out of a coconut tree" would become a Kamala catchphrase, some calling her a "closet Zen master". However, the meme wouldn't get wide circulation for another year.

In mid-May, Kamala led a US delegation to the United Arab Emirates to pay respects after the death of UAE President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan -- as well as talk to the new president, Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and assure him of continued American support.

In September, the Biden Administration announced the establishment the "White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention', overseen by Kamala. Biden issued a set of executive orders to back up the office -- outlawing sale of firearms to anyone under 21, giving the DOJ more powers to go after gun traffickers, as well as supporting school mental health services and community violence intervention programs.

establish gun violence prevention

* With 2024 being an election year, Joe had to decide in 2023 if he wanted to run for re-election. If he were to be inaugurated again, he would then be 82 years, older than any other president before him -- but he believed he was up to it. Significantly, Donald Trump was also running for re-election, in good part to help confound the criminal investigations against him.

Inevitably, given that Trump's crimes had little precedent in American history and were collectively never exceeded in sprawling chaos, the cases against him were moving on very slowly. Progress was further slowed by the fact that he had been president, complicating judicial decisions, and there was also some partisan sympathy for him among the judiciary.

Another international crisis then erupted. On 7 October 2023, militants of the Palestinian Hamas group, in control of the Gaza Strip, swarmed out of Gaza, taking Israeli security by surprise, and committing a tsunami of atrocities against Israel civilians. More than 1,200 Israelis were killed, and Hamas took 240 more hostages -- dragging them back into the extensive tunnel complexes beneath Gaza.

The Israeli government, under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, reacted by pounding Gaza with air strikes and artillery, sending in forces to destroy the tunnel complexes. Joe Biden was in a difficult position: he had to support Israel in its time of distress, but he also had to restrain the Israelis, who were not in any mood to be restrained. He spent hours talking to Netanyahu, trying to get him to allow humanitarian aid into Gaza, with little success. Anti-Biden propaganda ramped up with the Israeli onslaught on Gaza, with jeers at Biden as "Genocide Joe", and Netanyahu's responsibility ignored.

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[8.3] AI REGULATION / COP28 CLIMATE CONFERENCE

* One of the many hats that Kamala wore in the Biden Administration was as the lead in the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which was then on the threshold of massive and disorderly boom -- and presenting the US government with a new and difficult regulatory challenge. Her work on AI didn't have much visibility, but it was significant in breaking new ground.

After having conferred with the heads of AI tech companies and obtaining commitments to develop the technology safely and responsibly, in early November she went to the UK to attend an "AI Safety Summit" hosted by the British government. She then delivered a speech at the US embassy, describing the potential risks of AI technology, and the measures the Biden Administration was taking to deal with them:

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

Just as AI has the potential to do profound good, it also has the potential to cause profound harm. From AI-enabled cyberattacks at a scale beyond anything we have seen before to AI-formulated bio-weapons that could endanger the lives of millions, these threats are often referred to as the "existential threats of AI" because, of course, they could endanger the very existence of humanity.

There are additional threats that also demand our action -- threats that are currently causing harm and which, to many people, also feel existential.

And when people around the world cannot discern fact from fiction because of a flood of AI-enabled mis- and disinformation, I ask, is that not existential for democracy?

END_QUOTE

In response to the challenge, she went on, in 2022 the Biden Administration defined an "Blueprint AI Bill of Rights", which was a framework document based on five general principles:

Following from that, the week before Kamala went to Britain for the AI conference, Joe issued an executive order for the US government "to promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI":

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

Our administration will establish a national safety reporting program on the unsafe use of AI in hospitals and medical facilities. Tech companies will create new tools to help consumers discern if audio and visual content is AI-generated. And AI developers will be required to submit the results of AI safety testing to the United States government for review.

In addition, I am proud to announce that President Biden and I have established the "United States AI Safety Institute", which will create rigorous standards to test the safety of AI models for public use.

Earlier this year, the United States announced a set of principles for responsible development, deployment, and use of military AI and autonomous capabilities. It includes a rigorous legal review process for AI decision-making and a commitment that AI systems always operate with international -- and within international humanitarian law. Today, I am also announcing that 30 countries have joined our commitment to the responsible use of military AI. And I call on more nations to join.

As with many other important issues, AI policy requires the leadership and partnership of civil society. ... I am proud to announce that 10 top philanthropies have committed to join us to protect workers' rights, advanced transparency, prevent discrimination, drive innovation in the public interest, and help build international rules and norms for the responsible use of AI. These organizations have already made an initial commitment of $200 million in furtherance of these principles.

In addition to our work with civil society, President Biden and I will continue to engage with the private companies who are building this technology. [The administration has obtained] a set of voluntary company commitments, which range from commitments to report vulnerabilities discovered in AI models to keeping those models secure from bad actors.

And I will also note, even now, ahead of congressional action, there are many existing laws and regulations that reflect our nation's longstanding commitment to the principles of privacy, transparency, accountability, and consumer protection. These laws and regulations are enforceable and currently apply to AI companies.

END_QUOTE

Later, the heads of AI firms would claim that the Biden Administration had been unreasonably hostile to them -- even though Kamala's statements on the subject suggested that the administration was simply prudent, and encouraged socially-responsible conduct by AI companies. Most didn't take the hint, and over the next few years the AI revolution would prove chaotic.

* In early December, Kamala then attended the "COP28" climate-change conference in Dubai. The first "Conference of the Parties" had been held in 1995, following the signature of an international agreement to control climate change. She gave a brief address to the body:

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

Two years ago, President Joe Biden stood onstage at COP26 and made a declaration of ambition: The United States of America will once again be a global leader in the fight against the climate crisis. Since then, the United States has turned ambition into action. President Biden and I made the largest climate investment in the history of our country and, some have said, the world: roughly a trillion dollars over the next 10 years.

As a result, today, across the United States, we are building and expanding hundreds of solar panel, wind turbine, electric vehicle, and battery manufacturing plants; we are laying thousands of miles of high-voltage transmission lines to deliver clean energy to every corner of our nation; and we are lowering emissions not only in energy and transportation but in industry, agriculture, buildings, and construction.

We are also investing in resilience and adaptation to restore our coastlines, wetlands, and forests and to make communities more resilient to climate-driven extreme weather. We have also placed equity at the center of all of our work, investing in marginalized communities, which are often hardest hit by extreme weather and bear a disproportionate burden from fossil fuel pollution.

Globally, the United States is a leader in the effort to expand international climate finance. This year alone, we have increased our contributions to over $9.5 billion, which puts us on track to reach President Biden's ambitious $11 billion goal by 2024. Today, I am also proud to announce a new $3 billion pledge to the Green Climate Fund, which helps developing countries invest in resilience, clean energy, and nature-based solutions.

END_QUOTE

* Guatemala had elections in 2023, with unpopular President Alejandro Giammattei losing to Bernardo Aervalo, who was inaugurated on 14 January 2024. Kamala did not attend the inauguration, but she and other US officials took a close interest in the event, working to maintain Arevalo's drive against corruption. Kamala discouraged Giammattei from challenging the election, and after Arevalo's inauguration the US blocked Giammattei from entering the USA. Luis Von Ahn, a well-known American tech entrepreneur originally from Guatemala, said:

QUOTE:

Giammattei didn't want to leave power, the administration of Kamala Harris came and told him: "Stop f###ing around." That's a big help to Guatemala. If an extremely corrupt president doesn't want to leave, it's terrible and [his exit] lets us be a better country."

END_QUOTE

BACK_TO_TOP

[8.4] REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOMS CAMPAIGN / MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE 2024

* On 22 January 2024, Kamala spoke in Big Bend, Wisconsin, as the first installment in a national tour, labeled "Fight For Reproductive Freedoms", to activate Americans to protect reproductive rights -- in effect, early campaigning for the upcoming presidential election in November, with Joe and Kamala running for a second term, and the issue being seen as key. The date was significant, in that the ROE V. WADE decision had been made on 22 January, 51 years before. Kamala said:

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

In the last 19 months, in states across our nation, extremists have proposed and passed laws that criminalize doctors and punish women -- laws that in some states threaten doctors and nurses with prison time even for life simply for providing health care, laws that in some states make no exception even for rape and incest.

In the United States Congress, extremists are trying to pass a national abortion ban to outlaw abortion in every single state -- but what they need to know is that if Congress passes a national abortion ban, President Joe Biden will veto it. Because here's the deal about all of us: we trust women. We trust women to make decisions about their own bodies, we trust women to know what is in their own best interest, and women trust us to fight to protect their most fundamental freedoms.

These extremists want to roll back the clock to a time before women were treated as full citizens. After ROE was dismantled, extremists evoked a law from 1849 to stop abortion in this state. 1849 -- before women could vote, before women could hold elected office, before many women could even own property. These extremists are trying to take us backward. But we're not having that.

END_QUOTE

Kamala then moved on to California, speaking at a campaign event in Manhattan Beach on the 24th; met with Democratic lawmakers in Sacramento, the state capital, on the 25th, where she raised funds for the re-election campaign; went to Las Vegas, Nevada, to campaign on the 27th; and then came back to California to speak again about reproductive rights in San Jose.

* Kamala attended the Munich Security Conference for the third time in February 2024, speaking on 16 February to reassure America's European allies of US support in the battle for Ukraine.

Kamala at Munich

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

I believe it is in the fundamental interest of the American people for the United States to fulfill our longstanding role of global leadership. As President Biden and I have made clear over the past three years, we are committed to pursue global engagement, to uphold international rules and norms, to defend democratic values at home and abroad, and to work with our allies and partners in pursuit of shared goals.

I strongly believe America's role of global leadership is to the direct benefit of the American people. Our leadership keeps our homeland safe, supports American jobs, secures supply chains, and opens new markets for American goods. And I firmly believe our commitment to build and sustain alliances has helped America become the most powerful and prosperous country in the world -- alliances that have prevented wars, defended freedom, and maintained stability from Europe to the Indo-Pacific. To put all of that at risk would be foolish.

Over the past three years, backed by [a strong economic] track record at home, we have implemented our National Security Strategy. In the Indo-Pacific, we have invested heavily in our alliances and partnerships and created new ones to ensure peace and security and, of course, the free flow of commerce.

In addition, we have strengthened our partnerships on the continent of Africa, understanding that the innovation happening on the continent will shape the future of our world. We have also worked with partners in the Caribbean and throughout Latin America to increase private sector investment, address the climate crisis, and address the root causes of migration. And the Biden-Harris administration has led the world to respond to the climate crisis and ensure AI is developed in service of the public interest.

And here in Europe, we have joined forces with our friends and allies to stand up for freedom and democracy. ... two years ago, when I first stood on this stage on the eve of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Many of us will recall that time when many thought Kyiv would fall within days. Yet, the skill and the bravery of the people of Ukraine, along with the leadership of President Zelenskyy and the 50-nation coalition the United States has led, has allowed Ukraine to achieve what so many thought was impossible. Today, Kyiv stands free and strong.

Make no mistake, Putin's war has already been an utter failure for Russia. Ukraine has regained more than half the territory Russia occupied at the start of the conflict thanks, in part, to a massive supply of American and European weapons. The Russian military has suffered severe setbacks. It has lost two thirds of its tanks and more than a third of its fleet in the Black Sea.

Because of Putin's aggression and recklessness, Russia has also suffered over 300,000 casualties. Remember, that's more than five times what it lost in 10 years in Afghanistan. And now it forces conscripts onto the frontlines with as little as two weeks of training. We have also imposed economic costs on Russia for its aggression. And together with our G7 partners, we have frozen Russia's sovereign assets and made clear Russia must pay for the damages it has caused to Ukraine.

Now, thanks to the leadership of the United States, NATO is stronger, larger, more unified, and more effective than ever before. We have reinforced NATO's eastern flank with more weapons and forces, including air defense and fighter coverage, a sustained presence of army brigades, and a permanent U.S. Army headquarters in Poland.

So, I'll close with this. In these unsettled times, it is clear: America cannot retreat. America must stand strong for democracy. We must stand in defense of international rules and norms, and we must stand with our allies. That is what represents the ideals of America, and the American people know that is what make us strong. And make no mistake, the American people will meet this moment, and America will continue to lead.

END_QUOTE

After the formal speech, Kamala was asked about US policy relative to the Gaza crisis. She began her reply to point to the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, with its extensive savageries, and stated that Israel had a right to defend itself. She then added:

QUOTE:

We have also been clear that far too many innocent Palestinians have been killed, that Israel must do better to protect innocent civilians. We have seen what has been happening in terms of the images that we see on a daily basis of the human suffering and the need for humanitarian aid. And the President and our administration and I have been very adamant about getting that humanitarian aid in.

But ultimately ... to get to the day after, hostages need to be released. We must understand the importance of the principles that should be applied to the day after, including no reoccupation of Gaza, no change of its geographic territory, no return of terrorism by Hamas. And ultimately, apply certain principles to how the day after will look, including the importance of security for Gaza and the region, both interim and permanent; what must be done in terms of governance for Gaza; and then rebuilding Gaza.

... There cannot be, in my opinion, peace and security for that region -- for the people of Israel or the Palestinians and the people of Gaza -- without a two-state solution.

END_QUOTE

The Biden Administration walking a tightrope -- balancing traditional US support for Israel in the face of a brutal attack by Hamas, with the need to restrain Israel's far more brutal attack on Gaza's Palestinians. The tightrope act would prove impossible.

* In the meantime, Joe's re-election campaign went on, with him and Kamala formally re-nominated, without serious challenge, on 12 March 2024. All seemed well at the time, but there were clouds, particularly the ongoing fighting in Gaza. That March, Kamala declared: "Given the immense scale of suffering in Gaza, there must be an immediate ceasefire for at least the next six weeks ... This will get the hostages out and get a significant amount of aid in."

She continued her efforts to promote reproductive freedoms, notably visiting a Planned Parenthood clinic in Saint Paul, Minnesota, on 14 March. Planned Parenthood performed abortions and had long been attacked by the Right, and the Trump Administration had been extremely hostile. It was the first time a vice-president or president had visited an abortion clinic. A few protesters were there, one with a sign reading: ABORTION IS NOT HEALTHCARE. Kamala told reporters that the clinic provided health care for women, saying: "It is absolutely about health care and reproductive health care -- so everyone get ready for the language: UTERUS. That part of the body needs a lot of medical care from time to time."

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[8.5] LUCERNE PEACE SUMMIT / JOE BIDEN DROPS OUT

* In mid-June, Kamala represented the USA at a "peace summit" organized by Ukraine and conducted in Lucerne, Switzerland. There, she met with Zelenskyy and announced almost $2 billion USD in aid to Ukraine, mostly for humanitarian purposes.

Kamala and Zelenskyy

She delivered a brief address to the assembly:

QUOTE [EXCERPTS]:

I first met President Zelenskyy in February of 2022, just five days before Russia invaded Ukraine, an outrageous attempt to subjugate a free people and an attempt to wipe a sovereign state off the map.

On that same day, I addressed the Munich Security Conference and made clear that the United States of America is a steadfast supporter of the principles that people have a right to choose their own form of government, nations have a right to choose their own alliances, there are inalienable rights governments must protect, the rule of law must be cherished, sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states must be respected, and national borders should not be changed by force.

And nearly two and a half years later, I am here to reaffirm the commitment of the United States to these principles and our unwavering commitment to support the people of Ukraine as they defend themselves against Russia's brutal aggression.

As I discussed with President Zelenskyy earlier today, President Biden and I have made clear over the past three years we are committed to uphold international rules and norms, to defend democratic values and stand up to dictators, and to stand with our allies and partners.

Russia's aggression is not only an attack on the lives and the freedom of the people of Ukraine, it is not only an attack on global food security and energy supplies. Russia's aggression is also an attack on international rules and norms and the principles embodied in the UN Charter.

President Joe Biden and I will continue to support Ukraine and continue to impose costs on Russia. And we will continue to work toward a just and lasting peace, based on the principles of the United Nations Charter and the will of the people of Ukraine.

America stands with Ukraine not out of charity but because it is in our strategic interest. ... For President Joe Biden and me, it is one of our defining missions to uphold the international rules-based order to defend it, strengthen it, and promote it. And no doubt, it must be a priority for us all.

END_QUOTE

* A month after Kamala returned to the USA, her world was radically turned upside down. Joe Biden's presidential campaign had seemed to be going well enough, but there was a dark cloud. The Trump campaign kept harping on Joe's age, he was 79, calling him "Sleepy Joe"-- which was rich, considering that Trump, who was 78, was increasingly lapsing into muddled behavior on the campaign trail.

In reality, Joe was generally fit and alert, but he was not a young man any more; there were times while campaigning that fatigue would catch up with him, making him dull and unresponsive. Kamala felt that Joe was vigorous enough to be president -- but knew that a presidential campaign was unforgiving, an endurance test, and worried that Joe no longer had the stamina for it. A second Trump presidency was certain to be worse than the first, and the Democrats couldn't afford to lose. However, the general belief of the people around Joe, including Kamala, was that running for re-election was his decision. Later, she would wonder if the "hands-off" approach was, given what was at stake, "reckless" thinking at work.

Joe's age did become a big issue on 27 June 2024, in a debate between Joe and Trump held by CNN. Joe was ailing and his performance was painfully weak. Pressed by the media afterwards, Kamala defended Joe:

QUOTE:

It was a slow start -- that's obvious to everyone, I'm not going to debate that point. I'm talking about the choice in November. I'm talking about one of the most important elections in our collective lifetime. So I'm not going to spend all night with you talking about the last 90 minutes when I've been watching the last three and half years of performance.

END_QUOTE

That was exactly what needed to be said, but it left some things unsaid, Kamala later writing:

QUOTE:

I had never, in three and a half years at the White House, in the Oval Office or the Situation Room, witnessed anything remotely like the level of confusion, incoherence, and debility we saw on the debate stage.

END_QUOTE

An uproar inevitably followed in which the news media and Left-leaning celebrities hectored Joe to drop out, while Joe's campaign donations cratered. Democrat politicians and officials were circumspect, but there was still obviously intense discussion going on in the background. Tensions were running high in the White House; on the 4th of July, First Lady Jill Biden took Doug aside and asked him: "What's going on? Are you supporting us?"

"Of course -- of course we are supporting you."

"Okay. That's really important. We need to know that."

Doug didn't have a short temper, but that got him mad; when Kamala asked what was bothering him, he told her:

QUOTE:

They hide you away for four years; give you impossible, s### jobs; don't correct the record when those tasks are mischaracterized; never fight back when you're attacked; never praise your accomplishments -- and now, finally, they want you out there on that balcony, standing right beside them. Now, finally, they know you are an asset, and they need you to reassure the American people. And still, they have to ask if we're loyal?!

END_QUOTE

More bad news for the Democrats' chances followed. On 13 July, Trump was conducting an open-air rally at Butler, Pennsylvania, when a sniper started firing, killing one attendant and wounding two others; the sniper was then killed by a Secret Service agent. It did much to invigorate Trump's campaign -- so much so that there was widespread suspicion the attack was staged. Trump was supposedly winged in the right ear, with some visible blood on his face when Secret Service men swarmed around him; he theatrically wore a large bandage for a few days, but there was no sign of injury to the ear when he stopped wearing it. He may have been scratched during the ruckus. No evidence was uncovered to show the attack was faked -- and though the Trump machine ran on fakery, it was always crude, clumsy, and unconvincing. Besides, the event was chaotic, people were killed; Trump was full of bluster but had little courage, and was not likely to deliberately put himself at risk.

While Trump's campaign got a boost, Joe Biden's was falling apart. On 21 July, Joe publicly announced he was dropping out of the presidential race, with Kamala taking his place. There was no serious thought of seeking an alternative candidate -- it seems to the annoyance of some of the players who were unenthusiastic about her, with Kamala hearing tales that some of Joe's inner circle were among the doubters. That didn't matter: she was the obvious heir apparent, and nobody else was polling as well for the slot. There were only 15 weeks to the election, and there was no time to reconsider candidates.

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